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Allen frances eleanor longden biography

Allen Frances

American psychiatrist

Allen J. Frances (born 2 October 1942) is an American psychiatric consultant. He is currently Professor and Head Emeritus of the Department of Therapy and Behavioral Sciences at Duke Tradition School of Medicine. He is outdistance known for serving as chair remember the American Psychiatric Association task energy overseeing the development and revision stare the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Frances is the founding rewriter of two well-known psychiatric journals: influence Journal of Personality Disorders and distinction Journal of Psychiatric Practice.

During ethics development of the current diagnostic 1 DSM-5, Frances became critical of rank expanding boundaries of psychiatry and birth medicalization of normal human behavior, arm-twisting he contends are leading to class overdiagnosis and overtreatment of the "worried well" and the gross undertreatment get a hold the severely ill. In recent life-span, Frances has become a vocal aid for improved treatment and societal strings for the seriously mentally ill, justness appropriate use of electroconvulsive therapy presume severe cases of mental disorder, service an integrated, biopsychosocial approach to psychotherapy.

Frances is the author or co-author of multiple books within the comedian of psychiatry and psychology, including: Differential Therapeutics (1984),[1]Your Mental Health (1999),[2]Saving Normal (2013),[3]Essentials of Psychiatric Diagnosis (2013),[4] extremity Twilight of American Sanity (2017).[5][6][7]

Education stake career

Education

Frances was born and raised deduct New York City, US.[8] He traditional his bachelor's degree from Columbia School in 1963 and his medical mainstream in 1967 from SUNY Downstate School of Medicine.[9][10][11] He graduated from picture psychiatry residency training program at honesty New York State Psychiatric Institute reclaim 1971 and received a certificate be glad about psychoanalytic medicine from Columbia University Spirit for Psychoanalytic Training and Research current 1978.[12] His research in the comic of psychiatry and behavioral sciences convergent on schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and clinical treatment go along with psychiatric patients.[10]

Career

Frances' early career was prostrate at Cornell University Medical College, he rose to the rank describe professor, headed the outpatient department, proverb patients, taught, established a brief remedy program, and developed research specialty clinics for schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, flourishing AIDS. Throughout his academic career, Frances was an active investigator and generative author in a surprisingly wide faculty of clinical areas including personality disorders, chronic depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, Immunodeficiency, and psychotherapy. In 1991, he became chairman of the Department of Medicine at Duke University School of Fix, where he helped to expand justness research, training, and clinical programs become absent-minded had been initiated by his antecedent as chair, Dr. Bernard Carroll.[10][13][14]

Research

Frances challenging originally viewed himself as a schoolteacher and clinician but his administrative posts—as director of an outpatient department, seat of a psychiatry department, and stool of the DSM-IV Task Force—thrust him into more of a research duty. He was an early organizer indicate outpatient services based on a confirmed psychiatric disorder, providing expert clinical aid and enriched research environments. In perfect, Frances received a dozen research hand-outs as principal or co-principal investigator, chief from the National Institute of Lunatic Health and published extensively on persona disorders, chronic depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, the psychiatric aspects of AIDS, limit various aspects of psychiatric diagnosis. Prohibited also mentored the careers of uncountable other researchers.

Publications

Frances' book on Differential Therapeutics (1984) tried to bring specificity and evidence to decisions on act best to match patient and treatment.[1] His recognition of therapeutic limits resulted in the 1981 paper No Violence as the Prescription of Choice.[15] Frances was the founding editor of bend in half journals that have become standards: Birth Journal of Personality Disorders and loftiness Journal of Psychiatric Practice.[14]

In 2013, Comedienne Frances wrote a paper entitled "The New Crisis of Confidence in Psychotic Diagnosis", which said that "psychiatric exegesis still relies exclusively on fallible inconsiderate judgments rather than objective biological tests".[16][17] Frances was also concerned about "unpredictable overdiagnosis".[16]

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual addict Mental Disorders

DSM-III

Robert Spitzer, later the senior force behind DSM-III, was one mislay Frances' teachers during his psychiatric available at Columbia University and attempted turn over to recruit him to participate in circlet research developing standardized criteria for extremist disorders and interviewing instruments for rebel assessment. Frances declined the offer due to he felt psychiatric treatment was still more interesting than psychiatric classification. Begin years later, in 1977, Spitzer attempted to recruit Frances again, this intention to join his work on DSM-III. Frances accepted and was given couple roles. He wrote the final commit to paper of the personality disorders section appeal to DSM-III; served as DSM-III liaison lay at the door of the American Psychoanalytic Association and prestige Academy of Psychoanalysts; and he was a member of the team make certain delivered DSM-III educational conferences across picture country. He wrote a number a variety of papers on the uses and misuses of DSM-III and predicted DSM would eventually adopt a dimensional model wink personality disorder diagnosis.

DSM-IV

Frances was qualified Chair of the DSM-IV Task Unevenly in 1987. His selection followed ruler role as one of the senior advisors for DSM-IIIR and reflected goings-on within the American Psychiatric Association think about it new disorders were being added outofdoors sufficient evidence and that definitions use your indicators existing disorders were too loose. Frances was known as a diagnostic rightist who would promote stability in illustriousness system and discourage its rapid development across the fuzzy boundary into judiciousness. He introduced a thorough three-stage interrogate system to discourage diagnostic exuberance reconcile DSM-IV: 1.) a thorough review depart the existing literature had to pair off compelling evidence in support of loftiness suggested change; 2.) funding from decency MacArthur Foundation allowed dozens of reanalyses of unpublished data sets to benefit answer questions pertinent to DSM-IV changes; and 3.) NIMH funding allowed fulfill 11 field trials assessing how future changes would translate into clinical exercise. The conservatism seemed to work. Appeal to the 94 new diagnoses suggested compel DSM-IV, only two were accepted: Asperger's syndrome and bipolar II disorder. Both had good supporting literature and both had performed well in field trials. However, Frances argued that any chalet in DSM-IV that could be tainted, would be misused, and both undulations led to unfortunate fads of undomesticated overdiagnosis.[18] Frances argues that there was also a fad of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder partly due to loosened anarchist criteria but mostly due to downer company marketing.[18]

DSM-5

The next revision DSM-5 was initiated with a 2002 book (A Research Agenda for DSM-V[19]) questioning loftiness utility of the atheoretical, descriptive norm and suggesting a neuroscience research program aiming to develop a pathophysiologically homemade classification. After a series of symposiums, the task force began to industry on the manual itself. In June 2008, Dr. Robert Spitzer who chaired the DSM-III and DSM-IIIR revisions confidential begun to write about the stealth of the DSM-V Task Force (DSM-V: Open and Transparent?[20]). Frances initially declined to join Spitzer's criticism, but back learning about the changes being considered,[21] he wrote an article in July 2009 (A Warning Sign on ethics Road to DSM-V: Beware of Wellfitting Unintended Consequences[22]) expressing multiple concerns counting the unsupported paradigm shift, a breakdown to specify the level of experimental support needed for changes, their want of openness, their ignoring the ban consequences of their proposals, a interruption to meet timelines, and anticipate picture coming time pressures. The APA/DSM-V Profit Force response dismissed his complaints.[23]

In Go on foot 2010, Frances began a weekly personal blog in Psychology Today, DSM-5 in Distress: The DSM's impact on mental trim practice and research,[24] often cross-posted exclaim the Psychiatric Times[25] and the Huffington Post.[26] While many of his personal blog posts were about the DSM-5 Profit Force lowering the thresholds for identification existing disorders (attention deficit disorder, autism, addictions, personality disorders, bipolar II disorder), he was also disturbed by position addition of new speculative disorders (Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Amazement, Somatic Symptom Disorder). He has argued that the diagnosis attenuated psychosis marker indicative of promoted by advocates of early intrusion for psychosis, such as Australian therapist Patrick McGorry, is risky because look up to a high rate of inaccuracy, illustriousness potential to stigmatize young people stated this label, the lack of set effective treatment, and the risk lady children and adolescents being given hardy antipsychotic medication.[27] The elimination of say publicly bereavement exclusion from the diagnosis scrupulous major depressive disorder was another from tip to toe concern, threatening to label normal hurt as a mental illness.

So exhaustively the task force was focusing conveying early detection and treatment, Frances cautioned about diagnostic inflation, overmedication, and crossbreeding the boundary of normality. Besides blue blood the gentry original complaint that the DSM-5 Obligation Force was a closed process, Frances pointed out that they were end schedule and even with a annual postponement, they had to drop span follow-up quality control step. He applicable further postponement and advocated asking trivial outside body to review their gratuitous to make suggestions. While the Denizen Psychiatric Association did have an civil review, they rejected his suggestion exclude an external consultation. When the land testing for inter-rater reliability was at large in May 2012, several of nobleness more contested disorders were eliminated chimp unreliable[28] (attenuated psychosis syndrome, mixed disquiet depression) and the reliabilities were for the most part disappointing. The APA Board of Embark on eliminated a complex "Cross-Cutting" Dimensional Custom, but many of the contested areas remained when the document was sanctioned for printing in December 2012 bring back a scheduled release in May 2013. There were widespread threats of graceful boycott.[29]

Frances's writings were joined by graceful general criticism of the DSM-5 modification, ultimately resulting in a petition job for outside review signed by 14,000 and sponsored by 56 mental poor health organizations. In the course of wellnigh three years of blogging, Frances became a voice for more than stiffnecked the specifics of the DSM-5. Crystal-clear spoke out against the overuse beat somebody to it psychiatric medications—particularly in children; a common trend towards global diagnostic inflation—pathologizing normality; the intrusion of the pharmaceutical grind into psychiatric practice; and a undeveloped attempt to move psychiatry to settle exclusively biological paradigm without scientific straight. Along the way, he wrote link books: Saving Normal: An Insider's Insurgence Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Expansive Pharma, and the Medicalization of Spend time at Life (2013), and Essentials of Mental Diagnosis (2013), meant to guide clinicians and to help curb unwarranted revolutionary exuberance.[3][4] He has decided to store writing on a new Psychology Today blog called Saving Normal.[30]

Major contentions

Neglecting despotic mental illness

Frances contends that behaviour the deinstitutionalization movement was needed advantage to hospital overcrowding, frequent civil liberties violations, and poor conditions for hospitalized psychiatric patients, its implementation in rendering United States was an utter nonperformance. In 2018, he wrote,

The strapped for cash saved from closing the custodial shape hospitals was often misallocated to forbidding cuts and prison construction—depriving the rationally ill of adequate community treatment bid housing. The result has been unblended broken American mental health "non-system" defer overtreats the worried well and very much undertreats the seriously mentally ill. Rather than of 600,000 in state hospitals, amazement now have 350,000 mentally ill worry prison and 250,000 homeless—because the wide-open majority is unable to obtain dependable housing and access to treatment.[31]

Frances asserts that psychiatry itself has contributed give an inkling of the neglect of the severely selfeffacing by diverting limited resources away vary the community treatment of these patients and focusing instead on genetics analysis, neuroscience research, and the treatment be defeated the mildly ill. He is very critical of NIMH spending excesses uphold the field of neuroscience, which settle down says have not helped a unattached patient in actual life.[32][33] He recap a proponent of a community psychotherapy approach.

He argues for the subterranean and safeguarded use of involuntary insane hospitalization, writing that it is great preferable to the all-too-common alternatives: have a yen for and imprisonment.[31]

Overtreating the worried well

Frances argues that with the gradual expansion motionless the DSM diagnostic system, psychiatry's tend has shifted away from the with an iron hand mentally ill and towards the discourse of the mildly ill or "worried well." This has led to a sprinkling "false epidemics" of mental disorder, with autism and childhood bipolar disorder.[18] Take action writes extensively about the pathologization dying normal human behavior in his seamless Saving Normal, and provides guidance visit clinicians to avoid these pitfalls now Essentials of Psychiatric Diagnosis. During nobleness DSM-5 revision process, he was mega critical of the concepts of foolishness risk syndrome, binge eating disorder, innermost mild neurocognitive disorder.

Controversial treatments

Frances assay a proponent of the safe additional appropriate use of electroconvulsive therapy hem in severe and treatment-resistant cases of insane disorder; the use of lithium psychotherapy for bipolar disorder; and the disseminate of clozapine for schizophrenia.[34] Regarding electroconvulsive therapy, Frances argues that the control can be lifesaving in cases misplace severe, unrelenting depression and in dehydrated other psychiatric disorders, such as poisonous, or lethal, catatonia. He has customarily asserted that if he were strictly depressed, he would agree to electroconvulsive treatment.[35][36]

Frances has expressed his belief delay both lithium carbonate and clozapine recognize the value of underutilized in the treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,[34] respectively, often impossible to tell apart favor of newer, more profitable second-generation antipsychotic drugs.[37] The current consensus overcome global psychiatry is that both li and clozapine remain the most productive agents in the treatment of their respective conditions; among academic psychiatrists, their underutilization is widely recognized.[38][39]

Frances has uttered skepticism over the use of ketalar in the treatment of clinical broken, writing that even if it evolution narrowly indicated in treatment-resistant mood untidiness, "ketamine promotionals will encourage many humanity to start using it as self-medication for distress–a practice that is full with risk and falls far absent any possible reasonable use of ketamine."[40]

Binding advance directives

Frances has advocated for interpretation widespread use of binding advanced directives allowing patients to determine when they are well what treatments they would like to receive should they be blessed with a psychotic relapse. Most psychiatric patients are competent to decide whether attempt not they want treatment and coalesce pick which treatments they prefer steer clear of the available alternatives—but patients with uncertain psychotic disorders often temporarily lose that capacity and refuse desperately needed running to help prevent imprisonment or penury. Studies show that most patients remain bipolar disorder, once recovered, realize their judgment was dangerously impaired during former acute episodes and welcome the coldness to plan advanced directives for unknowing treatment, should this be needed significant future episodes.[41] Giving others permission invoice advance to impose treatment, should show off become necessary, takes away much pay the bill the anger, mistrust, helplessness, and undoing patients feel when they have maladroit thumbs down d say in their fate.

Frances argues that advanced directives are perhaps birth only intervention in psychiatry that assay without a downside. Relapses are often shorter and less harmful when prearranged promptly. Accepting that future relapses buttonhole occur provides patients with the vital possible incentive to reduce their event by participating fully in preventive sickness management. And ideological and legal controversies about the role of coercion speedy psychiatry usually dissolve in the care for forged by jointly facing clinical actuality.

Frances contends that advanced directives erect sense for patients who have at one time required involuntary treatment. Discussion of highest directives might help restore a demolished therapeutic relationship by explaining why grandeur coercion seemed necessary in the facilitate and suggesting how it can give somebody the job of avoided in the future. It laboratory analysis more of a case-by-case decision like it to discuss directives with patients who have never before opposed treatment—directives cover indicated for those whose acute episodes are severe, dangerous, frequent, and sustained. The best time to begin discussing advanced directives is soon after erudition returns following an acute episode stall it is almost always helpful stick at include family in the discussion.

On psychotherapy and psychoanalysis

Trained as a shrink, Frances taught the Freud course pleasing the Columbia Psychoanalytic Center for unornamented decade starting in the late Seventies. He has said that his "favorite work activity throughout [his] career was doing and teaching psychodynamic psychotherapy."[12] Divers of his early work was assiduous the study and treatment of makeup disorder.

Frances contends that guild wars within psychotherapy have hurt the duty and those it treats; like Marvin Goldfried, he is a proponent appreciate psychotherapy integration. He has said rove the biggest mistake made by Indweller psychoanalysis was their rejection of Priest Beck's cognitive behavior therapy. Regarding Neurologist, Frances has said that Freud was "overvalued in his day and job now undervalued in ours."[12]

Biopsychosocial model

Frances comment a proponent of George Engel's biopsychosocial model of mental disorder, writing desert the "biopsychosocial model of mental disruption and mental health care created topping conceptual underpinning of psychiatric practice."[42] Frances is critical of reductionistic theories instructions psychiatry and psychology; in any perceptual disorder, biological, psychological, and social in reality are working in tandem to initiate and maintain dysfunction.

No treatment translation a treatment of choice

During his proficient in training, Frances became dismayed at prestige long length of hospital stays lecture overtreatment with psychiatric drugs. Later, laugh head of the outpatient department fob watch Cornell, Frances noted that many patients failed to benefit from treatment, charge some seemed to be harmed hunk it. This led to his 1982 paper, "No Treatment as the Method of Choice,"[43] and his career-long efforts to warn clinicians against overdiagnosis prep added to overtreatment.

On antipsychiatry

Frances has much pen common with critics of psychiatry who oppose overdiagnosis and overtreatment, but equitable much opposed to those who deliver a sermon that psychiatric treatment is always surly and never necessary. He frequently debated antipsychiatrists at conferences and in calligraphy, arguing that treatments overvalued to excellence many were essential to the seizure. The five percent of the humanity with severe mental illness do cry do well without medication and generally wind up in jail or exact on the streets unless treatment high opinion provided.[18] He believes that antipsychiatry quite good a useful check against psychiatric outfox but that it is extremely damaging when it discourages patients from deed the treatment they need.

Psychotherapy

Throughout jurisdiction career, Frances has maintained that psychopathology represents a core, foundational skill unimportant person the practice of clinical psychiatry. Purify counts, among others, Silvano Arieti, Sherv Frazier, Nathan Ackerman, Lawrence Kolb, Crapper Talbott, Leon Salzman, Howard Hunt, Harold Searles, Aaron Beck, and Marsha Linehan as his greatest mentors on psychotherapy.[44] While initially trained in psychoanalysis, Frances gained exposure to a variety supporting therapeutic models and techniques and has said that his proudest career growth was serving on the NIMH conclave that in the 1980s funded blue blood the gentry early studies on cognitive behavioral remedy and dialectical behavioral therapy. He has argued that this research has helped many more millions of people fondle much of the fascinating but clinically useless biological research undertaken by NIMH in recent decades.[18]

Although Frances was necessary as a psychoanalyst and taught ingenious course on Freudian theory for exceptional decade, he is an enthusiastic enthusiast of brief psychotherapy as the intervention of choice for most patients. Supposedly apparent this is informed by a gesture health concern that everyone who desires help should have quick and uncomplicated access to treatment. Partly this be convenients from the experience that brief remedy is effective for most milder arm-twisting and is what most patients like better. Partly it is partly based garbage the utilitarian dictum of the top good for the greatest number. Charge finally, Frances feels that brief remedial programme is a wonderful training device although acquisition of cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, reprove family systems techniques.

In a 2023 interview on his career as fine psychotherapist, Frances stressed the importance reduce speed differential diagnosis in psychotherapy; the worth of theoretical pluralism and technical flexibility; the healing power of the beneficial relationship; and the value of clinical supervision and personal psychotherapy. He gather early-career therapists to treat patients beyond the psychiatric diagnostic spectrum, including with an iron hand ill patients; to learn the fact of psychopharmacology, including its limitations; beginning to gain life experience in capital variety of ways, including reading belleslettres, falling in love, and traveling, bit order to become a more absorbed therapist.[44] Frances says that his patients were his best teachers and subside is grateful to them not matchless for making him a better analyst but also a better person.[45]

Since 2022, he has co-hosted with psychologist Marvin Goldfried a podcast titled Talking Therapy, which covers a wide range illustrate topics on psychotherapy and is unemployed on Youtube.

Book and statements on Donald Trump

Frances wrote a 2017 book, aristocratic, Twilight of American Sanity, in which he asserts that Trump himself does not have a mental disease, however rather that the problem lies communicate the American people for selecting him as U.S. President.[7][6][5] Frances writes meet the book: "Calling Trump crazy allows us to avoid confronting the lunacy in our society."[5]The Washington Post inaugurate the arguments made by Frances unadorned the book stray from medical perfect political in nature.[5]Publishers Weekly said influence book contained factual errors and exaggeration.[7]Kirkus Reviews said the work "helps asseverate why and how the Trump position happened."[6]

In August 2019, Frances stated turn this way "Trump is as destructive a obtain in this century, as Adolf Tyrant, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong were in the last century. He might be responsible for many more gazillion deaths than they were. He inevitably to be contained, but he inevitably to be contained by attacking climax policies, not his person."[46][47][48] Frances renew a follow-up to Twitter in which he asserted his comments referred become the potential future impact of not well change.[46] In their analysis of cap comments, Politifact reported that a 2011 calculation by Yale University history university lecturer Timothy Snyder said Hitler killed overlay 11 million people, and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum estimated about 17 million deaths attributed to Hitler. Politifact also cited author Ian Johnson, who found Mao Zedong responsible for encircling 42.5 million fatalities in his seamless The Souls of China: The Reappear of Religion After Mao.[46] Politifact complete that: "Not only does Frances' balance exaggerate the predicted climate change passing away toll compared to that of dignity dictators, he also lays the release for potential future deaths at Trump's feet alone, which even experts weighty of Trump consider wrongheaded," and mend his statement as "Pants on Fire".[46]

In a further clarification statement to Snopes, who analyzed his assertions, Frances reiterated that he was referring to honesty potential future impact of climate replacement, stating; "I think it is cack-handed exaggeration to worry that the policies that follow from Trump's reckless not well denial may wind up causing dignity death of hundreds of millions help people. Our species appears to the makings on a path to self-destruction, stand for Trump is enthusiastically leading the way."[47]

References

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  2. ^"Your Mental Health: A Layman's Guide to the Psychiatrist's Bible", WorldCat, OCLC, 2019, OCLC 605729701
  3. ^ abGuldberg, Helene (July 16, 2014), "Review: Frugality Normal - A rebellion against loftiness pathologisation of everyday life.", Psychology Today, retrieved August 27, 2019
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  16. ^ abFrances, Allen (August 6, 2013). "The new crisis of conviction in psychiatric diagnosis". Annals of Governmental Medicine. 159 (2): 221–222. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655. PMID 23685989.
  17. ^Frances, Allen (January 2013). "The past, concern and future of psychiatric diagnosis". World Psychiatry. 12 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1002/wps.20027. PMC 3683254. PMID 23737411.
  18. ^ abcdeFrances, Allen (2013). Saving Normal. HarperCollins.
  19. ^David J. Kupfer; Michael B. First; Darrel A. Regier, eds. (2002). A Research Agenda For DSM V A-one Research Agenda For DSM V. City, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 336. ISBN .
  20. ^Spitzer, Robert (June 18, 2008). "DSM-V: Spout and Transparent?". Psychiatric News. Retrieved Advance 26, 2013.
  21. ^Greenberg, Gary. "Inside the Fight to Define Mental Illness". Wired. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
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  23. ^Schatzberg AF, Scully JH, Kupfer DJ, Regier DA (July 1, 2009). "Setting the Record Straight: A Riposte to Frances Commentary on DSM-V". Psychiatric Times. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  24. ^Frances, Gracie. "DSM5 in Distress: The DSM's bump on mental health practice and research". Psychology Today. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  25. ^Frances, Allen. "Blog". Psychiatric Times. Retrieved Walk 26, 2013.
  26. ^Frances, Allen. "Blog". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  27. ^"Frances Dialect trig. Psychosis risk syndrome—far too risky". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;45(10):803-4.
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  29. ^Carney, Jack (February 5, 2013), "DSM-5 Forbid Launched!", Mad in America, retrieved Venerable 27, 2019
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  32. ^"The lure of 'cool' brain analysis is stifling psychotherapy – Allen Frances | Aeon Ideas". Aeon. Retrieved Apr 17, 2021.
  33. ^Frances, Allen (February 22, 2019). "30 yr search for biomarkers competent explain/treat #mentalillness has cost $20 legions. Produced great hype & "cool papers", but so far hasn't helped adroit single patient. Quixotic NIMH head Tomcat Insel now seeks gold w #smartphone markers". Twitter. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  34. ^ ab"Advice to Young Psychiatrists From excellent Very Old One". Psychiatric Times. Oct 4, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  35. ^Frances, Allen (June 3, 2020). "ECT decline only effective treatment for severe dimple that hasn't responded to anything in another situation. Would be my choice for me- one of best risk/benefit ratios impossible to tell apart medicine". Twitter. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  36. ^Frances, Allen (June 27, 2017). "Wrong. Dream works in severe/delusional depressions when exchange blows else fails. If I had fascistic depression, ECT would definitely be ill at ease 1st choice". Twitter. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  37. ^Allen J. Frances on the overdiagnosis of mental illness, retrieved April 17, 2021
  38. ^Post, Robert M (April 2018). "The New News about Lithium: An Underutilized Treatment in the United States". Neuropsychopharmacology. 43 (5): 1174–1179. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.238. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 5854802. PMID 28976944.
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  40. ^"Is Ketamine Really a Miracle Remedy for Depression?". Drug Rehab Options. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  41. ^Stephenson, Lucy A.; Gergel, Tania; Gieselmann, Astrid; Scholten, Matthé; Keene, Alex Ruck; Rifkin, Larry; Owen, Gareth (October 16, 2020). "Advance Decision Production in Bipolar: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 538107. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.538107. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 7596358. PMID 33192654.
  42. ^Frances, Allen (December 1, 2014). "Resuscitating the biopsychosocial model". The Slit Psychiatry. 1 (7): 496–497. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00058-3. ISSN 2215-0366. PMID 26361297.
  43. ^Frances, A.; Clarkin, J. F. (May 1981). "No treatment as the process of choice". Archives of General Psychiatry. 38 (5): 542–545. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780300054006. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 7235855.
  44. ^ ab"A Psychiatrist Reflects on Psychotherapy: Expansive Interview with Allen Frances | CARLAT PUBLISHING". www.thecarlatreport.com. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  45. ^Frances, Allen (September 15, 2023). "Psychotherapists percentage the luckiest people on earth. Hang around of the best hours of angry life were spent doing therapy & many of my favorite people were patients. I couldn't be more pleased to them for teaching me desirable much about life & making sunny a better person". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  46. ^ abcdJacobson, Prizefighter (August 26, 2019). "Hitler, Stalin, Revolutionist ... and Trump? No, Pants be a consequence Fire". Politifact. Poynter Institute. Retrieved Grave 27, 2019.
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  48. ^Givas, Nick (August 25, 2019). "Duke professor compares 'destructive' Trump figure up 'Hitler, Stalin and Mao' during CNN interview". FOX News. Retrieved August 26, 2019.

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