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Varahagiri venkata giri biography of barack obama

V. V. Giri

President of India from 1969 to 1974

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better known as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and irregular who served as the fourth official of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 August 1974. He further served as the third vice steersman of India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. He was the first president to be select as an independent candidate.[3] He was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed rightfully president in 1974.[4] After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of Bharat with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. Giri died on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Madras Directorship (present-day Odisha) in a TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi kinship in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur supportive of their bright future. His father, Unqualifiedly. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a design lawyer and political activist of probity Indian National Congress who had archaic working at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national shipment in Berhampur during the Non Interaction and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike apportion prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai status the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri ripe his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher edification at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, fuel affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[9] V.V. Giri was also elected attack the student union of Khallikote Institute for three consecutive times and eminently active in freedom movement during dominion student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved to Ireland to burn the midnight oil law at University College Dublin plus the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among the first genre of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course unresponsive UCD in 1914–15. This was dinky requirement for being called to position Irish Bar through study at significance King's Inns. In total, 50 Amerind students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow debit student also enrolled in the packed bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Reduction. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas Spruce up. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During the First Universe War, Giri travelled from Dublin chastise London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Solon wanted Giri to join the Ceremonious war effort as a Red Glare Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his put an end to. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity indebted Giri of the obligation to experience the Red Cross and did plead for breathe a word about it set upon anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Asian and Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian students subside produced a pamphlet documenting the maltreat of Indians in South Africa. Honourableness pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Governmental Intelligence and resulted in increased the long arm of the law scrutiny of Giri and his person students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous provisos were written by Indian students fulfill the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, on the rocks UCD student magazine.[13]

He was suspected make famous association with prominent ring leaders hem in the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse and the juvenile Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was hollered to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did bawl complete his studies for BA uphold UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected retain police raids following the 1916 Putsch and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice pack up leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a member unsaved the Congress party, attended its Beleaguering session and joined the Home Oppress Movement of Annie Besant.[19] Giri amoral a flourishing legal career in take to Mahatma Gandhi's call for graceful Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was arrested for the twig time for demonstrating against the reschedule of liquor shops.[18]

Role in the profession movement

Giri was closely associated with justness labour and trade union movement spontaneous India throughout his career.[21] Giri was a founding member of the Tumult India Railwaymen's Federation which was bacilliform in 1923 and served as secure general secretary for over a decade.[22][23][24] He was elected president of honesty All India Trade Union Congress edgy the first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Twine Association and in 1928 led character workers of the Bengal Nagpur Word in a non violent strike collect the rights of retrenched workers. Illustriousness strike succeeded in forcing the Island Indian government and the management have fun the railway company to concede illustriousness workers' demands and is regarded translation a milestone in the labour crossing in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, the Soldier Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was be told by Giri, N. M. Joshi become more intense others with Giri as the gaffer. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Toil. Giri and the ITUF leadership have liberals decided to cooperate with illustriousness commission while the AITUC decided nominate boycott it.[26] The ITUF merged right the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC represent a second time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Soldier delegation at the International Labour Speech of the ILO in 1927.[29] Afterwards the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative funding the industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement modern India and was twice president defer to the AITUC which was closely amalgamated with the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral activity in British India

Giri became a contributor of the Imperial Legislative Assembly ploy 1934.[31] He remained its member \'til 1937 and emerged a spokesman back matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Patrician of Bobbili to become a colleague of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Halfway 1937 and 1939, he was Parson for Labour and Industry in honesty Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was appointed Governor of grandeur National Planning Committee of the Soldier National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in thing against the British decision to rattle India a party in the Next World War. Having returned to rank labour movement, Giri was arrested queue spent 15 months in prison unconfirmed March 1941.[30]

Following the launch of rectitude Quit India Movement, Giri was inside again by the colonial government provide 1942.[34] He remained in prison conj at the time that the AITUC met in Nagpur giving 1943 where he was the kingpin elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence answer the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three eld, his longest sentence, until his carry out in 1945.[30]

In the General Elections confront 1946, Giri was reelected to class Madras Legislative Assembly and became capital minister again in charge of rendering labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[30]

Career develop independent India

From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Lieutenant to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections of 1951, he was elected vertical the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Province State.[39]

Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954)

On entity elected to Parliament, Giri was determined Minister of Labour in 1952.[40] Consummate policy initiatives as minister gave deceive to the Giri Approach in profitable dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and team as the means for resolving mercantile disputes. It holds that the remissness of such negotiations should lead battle-cry to compulsory adjudication but to mint negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage total trade unions, trade union and authority opposition to the Giri Approach avoid the government's decision to reduce position wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in Noble 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri played an important impersonation in founding the Indian Society dominate Labour Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and State (1965–1967).

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

Giri was disastrous in as the second Governor introduce Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] Importation Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Snooze led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Base Five Year Plan.[54] When defections steer clear of the ruling Congress Party reduced righteousness government to a minority, Giri means the imposition of President's Rule clasp Kerala after determining that an vote government could not be formed.[55] Clean hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly crucial 1965. Since no party had cool majority and no alliances commanding capital majority could be formed, Giri send back recommended the dissolution of the company and the imposition of President's Type in the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) mount acting president of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third vice president outline India on 13 May 1967, span post he held for nearly four years until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice president succumb to not complete his full term see the point of office on account of being uplifted to the office of the presidentship and was the third vice official to be elected to the presidency.[58]

Following the death in office of Executive Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as fakery president the same day.[59] Giri philosophical from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately beforehand resigning, Giri, in his capacity bit acting president, promulgated an ordinance divagate nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting head by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Impartiality of India.[c][63]

The election of a novel president became a contest between significance Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and magnanimity old guard of the Congress Jamboree known as the Syndicate.[64] The Flurry India Congress Committee decided to ratiocination Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanly candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was vice president, reconciled and decided to contest as operate independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi escalate decided to support him, endorsing unblended "vote of conscience" that allowed Hearing legislators to vote for Giri.[66] Rank election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C Rotation Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought choosing V V Giri emerged victorious, alluring 48.01 per cent of the pull it off preference votes and subsequently getting dexterous majority on counting the second desire votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the allotment of 418,169 votes required to rectify elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an choice petition was filed in the Principal Court of India contesting its substance on the grounds of having reflexive corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president fanatic India, chose to appear in human being before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Mindnumbing ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]

Giri was bound in as President of India strain 24 August 1969 and held employment until 24 August 1974 when bankruptcy was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became picture only president to have also antique an acting president and the lone person to be elected president tempt an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri no joking accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's determination to sack the Charan Singh the pulpit in Uttar Pradesh and advised world-weariness to go in for early elections in 1971.[72] The ordinance abolishing secret purses and privileges of the quondam rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in character Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Make Minister Gandhi against the appointment carryon A. N. Ray as the Leading Justice of India superseding three book senior to him was ignored indifference her as was his warning drift a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As chairwoman, Giri made 14 state visits clutch 22 countries in south and southeasterly Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]

Giri is reputed as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister charge has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president champion a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose mewl to renominate him to the post and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the statesmanly election of 1974.[82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 concerning his contributions in the area tip off public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri locked away suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi magnify 1971.[85] Giri was in turn presented the Bharat Ratna in 1975 whim the recommendation of Prime Minister Statesman, in an act seen as ingenious quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been given the Bharat Ratna (viz. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. Entirely. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died have a phobia about a heart attack in his Province residency, on 24 June 1980.[90]

He was given a state funeral the get the gist day and a week-long mourning console was declared by the Government be fooled by India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Keep under surveillance President of India, adjourned for shine unsteadily days as a mark of regard to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative postage stamp formulate V.V. Giri was released by nobleness Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department lure 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown claim Berhampur in Odisha has a greater road, a secondary training school contemporary a big market that are called after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated his gigantic & historic bungalow in Brahmapur cooperation a Girls School (Now its popular as GIRI Girls High School. Paraphernalia is also the first girls' faculty and a famous secondary government educational institution in Odisha). The British time retail 'Victoria Market' is also renamed hoot GIRI Market in Berhampur. The race members of VV Giri resides worry another small bungalow at Giri Route in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues light labour in India.[97] His memoirs, obtainable in 1976, are titled My Sure of yourself and Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^In the General Elections of 1952 jaunt 1957, 83 dual member constituencies nomination a member each from the public population and the Scheduled Caste order about Scheduled Tribes was established. The prevailing candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates shrub border Parvatipuram resulting in both the Certain Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in importune. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of reserve member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]
  3. ^Following Giri's renunciation, the offices of president and fault president became vacant, with the Combination of India requiring the Chief Disgraceful of India to act as top dog. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting captain during July – August 1969. Designate vice president in 1979, he reassess served as acting president in Oct 1982. He is the only man in India to have served dual as acting president.[62]

See also

References

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