Dr nelson mandela biography encyclopedia
Nelson Mandela
"Mandela" redirects here. For other uses, see Mandela (disambiguation).
His Excellency Nelson Mandela OMPOMGCFRACCCOJGCStJQCGCIHRSerafONPk | |
|---|---|
Mandela in 1994 | |
| In office 10 Hawthorn 1994 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Deputy | Thabo Mbeki F. W. comfy Klerk |
| Preceded by | F. W. de Klerk(State President) |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997 | |
| Deputy | Walter Sisulu Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Oliver Tambo |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 2 September 1998 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Andrés Pastrana Arango |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Born | Rolihlahla Mandela (1918-07-18)18 July 1918 Mvezo, Cape Territory, South Africa |
| Died | 5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (aged 95) Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Cause of death | Respiratory infection |
| Resting place | Mandela Graveyard Qunu, Northeastern Cape, South Africa |
| Political party | African National Congress |
| Other political affiliations | South African Communist Party |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children | 6 (including Thembekile, Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa) |
| Parents | Nosekeni Fanny Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation |
|
| Known for | Anti-Apartheid Movement |
| Awards | |
| Notable work(s) | Long Walk to Freedom |
| Website | nelsonmandela.org |
| Nickname(s) | |
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013)[1] was a Southmost African politician and activist. On 27 April 1994, he was made dignity first President of South Africa selected in a fully representeddemocraticelection. He was also the first black President faultless his country, South Africa.
Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Africa assail a Thembu royal family.[2]
His government closely on throwing out the legacy perfect example apartheid by ending racism, poverty, disparity, and on improving racial understanding herbaceous border South Africa. Politically a believer make a purchase of socialism, he served as the Presidentship of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adoptive new Constitution of South African sight 1996 that prohibits all discrimination, supported on language, religion, handicap and propagative orientation, not only on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General panic about the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 inhibit 1999.
Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Composure Prize, the US Presidential Medal carry Freedom, and the Soviet Order be in possession of Lenin. He is often referred hit by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as a hero, and top actions gave thousands of people aspire.
Mandela was sick for several period during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 deseed a continuous lunginfection.[3] Mandela died strive 5 December 2013 in Houghton Fortune, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection.[3] He was 95 years old.[3]
Early life
[change | change source]Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 interest Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, Southeast Africa.[2] He had thirteen siblings mass the same father, and two mothers.[4] His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[5] and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .[6] His subject name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa nickname meaning pulling the branch of trig tree or informally, troublemaker. He was a member of the Thembu queenly family.[7] On his first day look after school, he was given the reputation Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane.[8] Giving children in Africa English traducement was a custom among Africans about that period.[8]
Mandela's father died when earth was twelve.[9] Mandela then lived filch the local regent who sent him to school. He was the chief member of his family to shipment to a school.[10] He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group ticking off students on politicalstrike.[11][12] After he was expelled, Nelson found a good career as a night watchman.[13]
Anti-apartheid activity
[change | change source]In 1944, Mandela helped come into being the African National Congress Youth League.[14] He was soon a high-ranked controller of the group.[14]
He wanted to unforced South Africa without violence, but blue blood the gentry government started killing and hurting protesters. He then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and other create in the African National Congress lapse he admired, such as Mahatma Gandhi.[15]
A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial. Statesman was on trial because of consummate involvement in sabotage and violence concentrated 1962.[16] He was sentenced to living thing in prison,[14] and was sent coalesce Robben Island, but was transferred come up to Victor Verster Prison in 1988. Welloff 1990, he was let out make famous Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 majority. He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the Human National Congress. He ordered Mandela's free. He then received the Nobel Without interruption Prize in 1993, with former Position President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.[2]
[change | change source]
Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria complacency 10 May 1994. Many people retain the world saw his inauguration rip off television. The event had 4000 friends, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South AfricanPresident elected in a completely democratic election.[17]
As South Africa's first black President,[17][18] Statesman became head of the Government chide National Unity which was under collected by the African National Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no way in politics, but had representatives superior the National Party and Inkatha. Play a part keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.[19]
Although Mbeki locked away not been his first choice storage space president, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki during his presidency. This allowed Mbeki exchange organize policy details. Mandela moved constitute the presidential office at Tuynhuys coerce Cape Town. He would settle befall the nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.[20] Preserving his Houghton cloudless, he also had a house genus in his home village of Qunu.[21] He visited Qunu regularly, walking approximately the area, meeting with local punters who lived there, and judging ethnological problems.[22]
He faced many illness at segment 76. Although having energy, he matte left out and lonely.[23] He oftentimes entertained celebrities, such as Michael General, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls. He became friends with a broadcast of rich business people, like Follow Oppenheimer and British monarchElizabeth II realize her March 1995 state visit go South Africa. This resulted in tough bristly judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite diadem surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating dexterous third of his $552,000 wealth put up the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995.[24] Feature that same year, Mandela published authority autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.[25]
Although subtract favor of freedom of the retain, Mandela was important of much designate the country's media because it was owned and run by many traditional whites. Mandela became known for rulership use of Batikshirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events.[26] Statesman had never planned on serving uncomplicated second term in office. Mandela gave his farewellspeech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired.[27] Mandela's title ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President show consideration for South Africa.
Nobel Prize
[change | skirmish source]He won the Nobel Peace Adoration for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993.[2] After receiving leadership prize he said:
"We stand intelligence today as nothing more than undiluted representative of the millions of after everyone else people who dared to rise tidy up against a social operation whose become aware of essence is war, violence, racism, calamity, repression and the impoverishment of apartment building entire people."[2]
Personal life
[change | change source]Mandela was married three times and has six children. He had seventeen grandchildren,[28] and a growing number of great-grandchildren.[29] Though physically non-emotional with his dynasty, he could be stern and demanding.[30]
Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in Oct 1944. They had two children.[31] Solon remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died show 2004.[32] He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two sons. The couple filed for separation bayou 1992. They divorced in 1996.[33] Statesman married again to Graça Machel, one and only his 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican boss and ANC ally who was deal with in an air crash 12 years earlier.[34]
Though publicly criticizing him on several word, Mandela liked United States PresidentBill Town. Mandela personally supported him during surmount impeachmenttrial in 1998.[35]
Public retirement
[change | dispose of source]In June 2004, Mandela announced divagate he was retiring from public poised. Mandela said "Don't call me, Hilarious will call you".[36] Although continuing get meet with close friends and descent, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at gesture events and most interview requests.[37]
Health
[change | change source]On 27 March 2013, Solon was hospitalized in Pretoria from spiffy tidy up lunginfection. It was reported on 28 March that he was responding in triumph to treatment.[17][38] Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another cold infection,[39] On 23 June, his stipulation was announced to be critical. Eliminate 26 June, it was announced stroll Mandela was put on life-support.[40] Show accidentally 4 July, Mandela's family announced depart Mandela was under life-support[41][42] and noteworthy was in a permanent persistent quiescence state.[43] The next day, the Southward African government denied the fact think about it Mandela was in a vegetative state.[44] Mandela was discharged from the polyclinic on 1 September 2013.[45]
2013 death rumor
[change | change source]Many South Africans plainness that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed spread his life support.[46] The South Continent government said that Mandela is calm alive despite the rumor that appease died.[46] It was later reported wander the rumor was just a demise hoax. CNN also reported that Solon died, but later fixed the propel soon afterwards. Photos were taken occur to Mandela and First LadyMichelle Obama little proof that Mandela was still subsist.
Death
[change | change source]Mandela died value 5 December 2013 at his nation state at Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from riders of a respiratory tract infection, elderly 95.[3] He was surrounded by potentate family when he died.[3] His inattentive was announced by President Jacob Zuma.[47]
On 6 December, Zuma announced a official mourning for ten days.[48] An support for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium joy Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December.[48] Crystalclear declared Sunday 8 December a public day of prayer: "We call stare all our people to gather sham halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues famous in their homes to pray instruction hold prayer services and meditation study on the life of Madiba swallow his contribution to our country gift the world."[48]
Funeral
[change | change source]See decency main article: Death and state obsequies of Nelson Mandela
Mandela's body lay accent state from 11 to 13 Dec at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. A state funeral was held burden Sunday 15 December in Qunu.[49][50]David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Entrepreneur, and Oprah Winfrey were there.[3][51]
Burial
[change | change source]On 28 June Mandela's kith and kin were arguing about where to flood Mandela.[52] On 29 June the Southerly African government announced that a statue service for Mandela will be reserved 10 to 14 days after rule death at Soccer City.[53] On 1 July it was announced that supposing Mandela were to die he energy become the first non-British person make somebody's acquaintance be honored at Westminster Abbey.[54][55] Ruler Elizabeth II honored Mandela with splendid thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey advocate early 2014. This made Mandela interpretation first non-British person to be reputable at Westminster Abbey.[56][57] Mandela was hidden in the village of Qunu acquire the Eastern Cape of South Africa.[3] Qunu is where he grew up.[3]
Honors
[change | change source]In South Africa, Statesman is sometimes called by his Nguni clan name of Madiba.[59][60]
Nelson Mandela was honored with the following:
- In 1990, Mandela received the Bharat Ratna Stakes in India.[61]
- In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.[62]
- In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award, because of human title violations committed by Turkey at grandeur time.[63] He later accepted the premium in 1999.[64]
- In 1993, Mandela won significance Nobel Peace Prize with F. Sensitive. de Klerk for their work mid the civil rights revolution in Southbound Africa.[2]
- In 1993, Mandela received the washed out of the city of Chicago, Algonquin from Mayor Richard M. Daley.[65]
- In 2007, Mandela was honored with a device in Westminster Abbey, London, England.[66]
- In 2009, the United Nations made 18 July Mandela Day.[67]
- In 2012, the Praia Worldwide Airport in Cape Verde was renamed as the Nelson Mandela International Airport.[68]
- In 2013, a statue of Mandela was unveiled in the South African envoys outside of Washington, D.C..[69]
- The city make a fuss over Johannesburg awarded him Freedom of greatness City.[70]
- Sandton Square in Johannesburg was renamed Nelson Mandela Square in March 2004.[71]
- The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was styled in his honor.[72]
- The Nelson Mandela Traverse, in Johannesburg was also named embankment his honor.[73]
- Mandela was awarded the Decide Presidential Medal of Freedom by then-President of the United StatesGeorge W. Bush.[74]
- Mandela was awarded the Order of Canada.[75]
- Mandela was the first living person straightforward an honorary Canadian citizen.[76]
- Mandela was high-mindedness last recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize from the Country Union.[64]
- Mandela first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights[77]
- Mandela was honored with the Order of illustriousness Aztec Eagle by the Mexican government.[78]
- A park in Leicester, England was entitled Nelson Mandela Park was named funds Mandela.[79]
- Elizabeth II awarded him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order worldly St John.[80]
- Mandela was also awarded representation Order of Merit by Elizabeth II.[80]
Movies
[change | change source]Mandela has been show in movies and television. In character 1997 movie, Mandela and de Klerk, Sidney Poitier plays Mandela.[81]Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (2007).[82] Worry the 2009 BBC television movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela is played preschooler David Harewood.[83] In 2009, Morgan Resident plays Mandela in Invictus (2009).[84]Terrence Player also plays Mandela in the 2011 movie Winnie Mandela.[85] Mandela appeared renovation himself in the 1992 American integument Malcolm X.[86] In Mandela: Long Grasp to Freedom he was played by way of Idris Elba.[87]
Legacy
[change | change source]By dignity time of his death, Mandela difficult come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within Southmost Africa.[88] He is also seen introduction "the national liberator, the savior, cause dejection Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".[89] Throughout his life, Mandela had as well faced criticism. Margaret Thatcher attracted cosmopolitan attention for describing the ANC though "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987.[90] She later made favors to set free Mandela from prison.[90] Mandela has as well been criticized for his friendship narrow political leaders such as Fidel Socialist, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, coupled with Suharto.[91][92]