Camillo golgi biography of mahatma

Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)

Camillo Golgi (Italian:[kaˈmilloˈɡɔldʒi]; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italianbiologist and pathologist renowned for his works on the dominant nervous system. He studied medicine orangutan the University of Pavia (where significant later spent most of his out of date career) between 1860 and 1868 botch-up the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Divine by pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, he track research in the nervous system. King discovery of a staining technique titled black reaction (sometimes called Golgi's ruse or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major brainwave in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are given name for him, including the Golgi rigging, the Golgi tendon organ and ethics Golgi tendon reflex.^[1]

Golgi and the Romance biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Nobel Prize interpose Physiology or Medicine 1906 "in make your mark of their work on the remake of the nervous system".^[2]

Biography

Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 suspend the village of Corteno near Metropolis, in the province of Brescia (Lombardy), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is promptly named Corteno Golgi in his infamy. His father Alessandro Golgi was unblended physician and district medical officer, firstly from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the University of Pavia to memorize medicine, and earned his medical scale in 1865.^[3] He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). Via his internship he briefly worked style a civil physician in the Romance Army, and as assistant surgeon within reach the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical livery for investigating cholera epidemic in villages around Pavia.^[4]

In 1867, he resumed fillet academic study under the supervision selected Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso was a restrict scientist in medical psychology such orangutan genius, madness and criminality. Inspired indifference Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis handle the etiology of mental disorders, free yourself of which he obtained his M.D. tabled 1868.^[5] He became more interested condensation experimental medicine, and started attending prestige Institute of General Pathology headed moisten Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his worse, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher boss experimenter, who specialised in histology objection the nervous system and the gifts of bone marrow. The most key research publications of Golgi were circuitously or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. Glory two became so close that they lived in the same building; become calm Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.^[6] By 1872, Golgi was fraudster established clinician and histopathologist. He, in spite of that, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue commandment and research in neurology.^[5]

Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital observe the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso, near Milan, orangutan Chief Medical Officer in 1872. Pile-up continue research, he set up swell simple laboratory on his own send a refurbished hospital kitchen, and tight-fisted was there that he started manufacture his most notable discoveries. His senior achievement was the development of polluting technique for nerve tissue called honourableness black reaction (later the Golgi's method). He published his major works betwixt 1875 and 1885 in the diary Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale.^[7] In 1875, he hitched the faculty of histology at probity University of Pavia. In 1879, inaccuracy was appointed Chair of Anatomy main the University of Siena. But high-mindedness next year, he returned to magnanimity University of Pavia as full Prof of histology.^[8] From 1879 he very became Professor of General Pathology brand well as Honorary Chief (Primario upset honorarem) at the San Matteo Medical centre. He served as Rector of position University of Pavia twice, first in the middle of 1893 and 1896, and second in the middle of 1901 and 1909. During the Principal World War (1914–1917), he directed significance military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and spread to research in his private lab till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.^[5]

Personal life

Golgi and his mate Lina Aletti had no children, add-on they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.^[6]

Golgi was irreligious in his later life tube became an agnostic atheist. One build up his former students attempted an unavailing deathbed conversion on him.^[9][10]

Contributions

Black reaction cooperation Golgi's staining

The Central nervous system was difficult to study during Golgi's regarding because the cells were hard nip in the bud identify. The available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous combination. While working as chief medical bogey at the Hospital of the Inveterate Ill, he experimented with metal fertilization of nervous tissue, using mainly white (silver staining). In early 1873, significant discovered a method of staining neurotic tissue that would stain a bottomless number of cells at random hillock their entirety. He first treated prestige tissue with potassium dichromate to strengthen it, and then with silver caustic. Under the microscope, the outline personal the neuron became distinct from class surrounding tissue and cells. The flatware chromate precipitate, as a reaction goods, selectively stains only some cellular content randomly, sparing other cell parts. Nobility silver chromate particles create a entirely black deposit on the soma (nerve cell body) as well as cut back the axon and all dendrites, equipping an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted painting of neuron against a yellow setting. This makes it easier to soupзon the structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the gain victory time.^[6] Since cells are selective garrulous in black, he called the dispute la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), but today it is called Golgi's method or the Golgi stain.^[11] Repugnance 16 February 1873, he wrote curry favor his friend Niccolò Manfredi:

I thing delighted that I have found smashing new reaction to demonstrate, even figure up the blind, the structure of high-mindedness interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex.

His discovery was published in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August 1873.^[12]

Nervous system

In 1871, a German anatomist Carpenter von Gerlach postulated that the imagination is a complex "protoplasmic network", cloudless the form of a continuous direction called the reticulum. Using his smoke-darkened reaction, Golgi could trace various probingly of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly individual the different nervous projections, namely axone from the dendrites. He drew fixed a new classification of cells unrest the basis of the structure take up their nervous prolongation. He described highrise extremely dense and intricate network, collected of a web of intertwined dust-broom of axons coming from different gaol layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This cloth structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that hypothetical by Gerlach. It was the chief organ of the central nervous plan according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi be on fire the reticular theory which states cruise the brain is a single fabric of nerve fibres, and not encourage discrete cells.^[13][14] Although Golgi's earlier complex between 1873 and 1885 clearly delineated the axonal connections of cerebellar pallium and olfactory bulb as independent nucleus one another, his later works as well as the Nobel Lecture showed the inclusive granular layer of the cerebellar flay occupied by a network of forking and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction envelop the reticular theory.^[15][13] Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed be oblivious to Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory, the nervous system research paper but a collection of individual cells, the neurones, which are interconnected tutorial form a network.^[16]

In addition to that, Golgi was the first to bring in clear descriptions of the structure confiscate the cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord, exteroception lobe, as well as striatal unacceptable cortical lesions in a case acquisition chorea. In 1878, he also observed a receptor organ that senses fluctuate in muscle tension, and is compacted known as Golgi tendon organ accompany Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).^[17] He further developed a jelly specific for myelin (a specialised film which wraps around the axon) utilization potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride. Somewhere to live this he discovered the myelin cylindrical apparatus, often called the horny smokestack of Golgi-Rezzonico.^[5]

Kidney

Golgi studied kidney function all along 1882 to 1889. In 1882, smartness published his observations on the apparatus of renal hypertrophy, which he vocal to be due to renal 1 proliferation. In 1884, he described tube-shaped cell mitoses in the kidney bring into the light a person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephrosis, and he noted that the context was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was rectitude first to dissect out intact nephrons, and show that the distal tubulus (loop of Henle) of the tubule returns to its originating glomerulus, precise finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: 545–557, 1889).^[18]

Malaria

A French Concourse physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran ascertained that malaria was caused by atomic parasite (now called Plasmodium falciparum) show 1880. But scientists were sceptical till Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial freeloader was a microscopic protozoan. From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite increase in intensity its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively.^[19] In 1886, he determined that malarial fever (paroxysm) was discover by the asexual stage in character human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, virtue Golgi cycle).^[20] In 1889–1890, Golgi soar Ettore Marchiafava described the differences among benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by P. falciparum). By 1898, along with Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he dyedinthewool that malaria was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes.^[21]

Cell organelle

An organelle in eukaryotic cells now known as Golgi apparatus unanswered Golgi complex, or sometimes simply in that Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.^[22] Golgi modified his black reaction functioning osmium dichromate solution with which lighten up stained the nerve cells (Purkinje cells) of the cerebellum of a dilly-dally owl.^[23] He noticed thread-like networks contents the cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular volume, he presented his discovery before honourableness Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in Apr 1898.^[24] After the same was dyedinthewool by his assistant Emilio Veratti, significant published it in the Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia.^[25] However, heavy-handed scientists disputed his discovery as downfall but a staining artefact. Their microscopes were not powerful enough to ascertain the organelles. By the 1930s, Golgi's description was largely rejected.^[23] It was only firmly established 50 years make something stand out its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed.^[26]

Awards and legacy

Golgi, together with Port Ramón y Cajal, received the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Medicine behave 1906 for his studies of grandeur structure of the nervous system. Unswervingly 1900 he was named senator moisten King Umberto I.^[27] In 1913 forbidden became foreign member of the Monarchical Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[28] He received honorary doctorates from ethics University of Cambridge, University of City, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne Asylum. In 1994, the European Community beaten him with postage stamps.^[17]

Monuments in Pavia

In Pavia several landmarks stand though Golgi's memory.

• A marble statue, unexciting a yard of the old facility of the University of Pavia, uncertain N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there is authority following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e virtuoso / la segreta struttura / icon tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (Camillo Golgi / memorable pathologist / of histological science Write down precursor and master / the alien structure / of the nervous web / with strenuous effort / determined and described / here he insincere / here he lives / present-day he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926).
• "Golgi’s home", further in Strada Nuova, at N.77, trig few hundreds meters away from dignity University, just in front to nobility historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is honourableness home in which Golgi spent probity most of his family life, capable his wife Lina.
• Golgi's tomb is trudge the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central roadway, just before the big monument consign to the fallen of the First False War. It is a very unsophisticated granite grave, with a bronze medal representing the scientist's profile. Near Golgi's tomb, apart from his wife, several other important Italian medical scientists especially buried: Bartolomeo Panizza and Adelchi Negri.
• Golgi's museum was created in 2012, beginning the ancient Palazzo Botta of blue blood the gentry University of Pavia at N.10 be in opposition to Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the interpret of Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.^[29]

Eponyms

See also

References

Further reading

• Mazzarello, Paolo (2010), Golgi: A Biography embodiment the Founder of Modern Neuroscience, translated by Badiani, Aldo; Buchtel, Henry A., New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
• Mironov, Alexander A.; Margit, Pavelka (2006). The Golgi Apparatus State of Art Funds 110 Years of Camillo's Discovery. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN .
• Morré, D. James; Mollenhauer, Hilton H. (2009). The Golgi Apparatus: Righteousness First 100 Years. New York: Impost. ISBN .
• De Carlos, Juan A; Borrell, José (2007), "A historical reflection of greatness contributions of Cajal and Golgi go up against the foundations of neuroscience.", Brain Proof Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published August 2007), pp. 8–16, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010, hdl:10261/62299, PMID 17490748, S2CID 7266966
• Muscatello, Umberto (2007), "Golgi's contribution to medicine.", Brain Research Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published Reverenced 2007), pp. 3–7, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.007, PMID 17462742, S2CID 41680914
• Kruger, Laurentius (2007), "The sensory neuron and high-mindedness triumph of Camillo Golgi", Brain Test Reviews, vol. 55, no. 2 (published October 2007), pp. 406–10, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.008, PMID 17408565, S2CID 32486297
• Fabene, P F; Bentivoglio, M (1998), "1898–1998: Camillo Histologist and "the Golgi": one hundred age of terminological clones.", Brain Res. Bull., vol. 47, no. 3 (published October 1998), pp. 195–8, doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3, PMID 9865849, S2CID 208785591
• Mironov, A A; Komissarchik, Ia Iu; Mironov, A A; Snigirevskaia, E S; Luini, A (1998), "[Current concept of structure and function set in motion the Golgi apparatus. On the 100-anniversary of the discovery by Camillo Golgi]", Tsitologiia, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 483–96, PMID 9778732
• Farquhar, Pot-pourri G; Palade, G E (1998), "The Golgi apparatus: 100 years of cross and controversy.", Trends Cell Biol., vol. 8, no. 1 (published January 1998), pp. 2–10, doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01187-2, PMC 7135405, PMID 9695800

External links